The family is the main agent of risk and protection of drug use at younger ages, especially the family emocional climate factor. Expressed emotion (EE) is a concept reflecting the emotional atmosphere of the home environment. Specific components of EE, criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement, they are important predictors of relapse in different pathologies and drug abuse. The main aim of this work is to describe the EE and examine the role of the concept in drug use in young people. In conclusion, the EE is a relevant measure, which needs to be
evaluated, in drug use at young ages.

In the last two decades, many professionals have manifested the necessity to make of the prevention a scientific discipline, in which one works on the basis of the objective evidence, without leaving place to practical intuitive and/or simply based on the good will. Like result, today we have a solid empirical base about the school strategies that obtain results in the consumption and those that not, and even those that are against preventive. Nevertheless, when reviewing the investigations developed in this area, a wide variability in the sizes of the effects of the interventions is verified, wich indicates the necessity to us to verify what characteristic of the preventive programs are those responsible for this variability. The aim of the study is to describe the associated characteristics of the most effective interventions, developed in the school environment. For it, the results of four revisions of revisions that have summarized in a systematized way the evidence available by diverse studies of revisions and meta-analyses are synthesized it.

The main aim of this study is to identify protective factors and risk factors linked to alcohol consumption in university students of both sexes. These factors were measured on the basis of a descriptive cross-sectional study developed in 2007-2008 at the University of Huelva. In order to analyze the relations among variables, we have used the chi-square test of Pearson. To identify risk and protective factors a binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted. The results confirm the influence of policonsumption and sex as the main risk factors. "Botellones" decrease predictive degree when compared with usual consumption. Reading habit, love of music and age behave as protective factors against drugs consumption. Finally, lower drinking degrees inside the college, higher frequency of attendance and lower weekly alcohol consumption, are protective factors.

This paper aims to describe the development process, the factor structure,
the reliability and validity of a multidimensional scale to measure
HIV/AIDS-related knowledge for adolescents (HIV/AIDS Knowledge
Scale, HIV-KS). After a pilot study of the items, a questionnaire of 28
items was administered to a sample from 14 different schools in 5 counties
in Spain. Firstly, Principal-component analysis was used: first, to test
a theory-driven structure and second, to develop an empirically derived
factor structure for HIV-KS, which was tested with a confirmatory factor
analysis. Secondly, reliability and convergent and discriminant validity
were examined and finally, the factorial invariance was analyzed
according to gender and age with a sample of 1,216 Spanish adolescents.
The final version of the HIV-KS consists of 10 items distributed across
three major factors. The factors included are: (1) HIV oral transmission,
(2) HIV effects, and (3) other HIV transmission methods. The HIV-KS is
invariant across gender and age and shows good validity and internal
reliability. HIV-KS is a capable and parsimonious self-report scale for
assessing main aspects of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge for adolescents.

We describe correlates of drug use-consequences related variables (addiction concern, problem consequences, and drinking alcohol/using drugs while driving) among two samples of high school students, one in the Russian Federation (n = 365), and one in the United States (n = 965). The correlates used in the analyses are based on the Theory of Triadic Influence, which organizes predictors of adolescent substance misuse into intrapersonal (e.g., depression), cultural/attitudinal (e.g., perceived harmfulness of drug use), and interpersonal (friend and family drug use) types of influence. We examined measures from each type of influence, along with drug use (cigarette and alcohol use) as correlates. Overall, correlates from each of the types of influence were significant predictors of substance use consequences variables in both samples. The most consistent predictors of consequences across countries were depression, perceived harmfulness of drug use, family substance abuser, friends' substance use, and last 30-day cigarette use. These results suggest that the Theory of Triadic Influence is relevant to both countries. We speculate that drug prevention efforts may share common features among some U.S. and Russian youth populations.